Abstract: The provincial scientific and technological innovation governance capacity is the specific implementation of national scientific and technological innovation governance system and modernization of the governance capacity. The scientific and technological innovation governance capacity needs to be promoted from the internal and external drives of the governance system, improving the overall planning and coordination of government departments, guaranteeing the supervision of the "meta" governance function, giving play to the significant institutional advantages of "concentrating on major events" and enhancing the interactive and collaborative function of multiple governance subjects. It is possible to improve the ability of provincial scientific and technological innovation governance by strengthening the party's centralized and unified leadership over provincial scientific and technological innovation governance, strengthening the institutional arrangement and mechanism design of provincial scientific and technological innovation governance, optimizing the provincial scientific and technological innovation governance system and governance model, and improving the talent incentive and evaluation mechanism of provincial scientific and technological innovation governance.