Abstract: Cultivating and developing new quality productive forces holds significant theoretical value and practical importance for breaking the constraints of traditional productivity structure and achieving high-quality economic development. This study examines the mechanisms and effects of tax incentives on new quality productive forces in enterprises using A-share listed companies from 2013 to 2021. The results indicate that tax incentives can significantly promote the enhancement of new quality productive forces in enterprises. Mechanism tests reveal that tax incentives drive this enhancement by increasing enterprises’ supply chain concentration and fostering managers’ innovation awareness. Heterogeneity analysis shows that compared to state-owned enterprises, the promotional effect of tax incentives is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises; compared to regions with weak Confucian cultural heritage, this effect is stronger in regions with deep-rooted Confucian cultural heritage.