Abstract: Language learning is a unique advanced function of human beings. Exploring how the human brain represents and processes such information has always been one of the important fields in cognitive neuroscience research. In recent years, with the widespread use of modern brain imaging techniques, research on the brain and language learning has made significant progress, providing a more comprehensive and scientific understanding of key issues such as the neural mechanisms and influencing factors of individual differences in language learning, and effective methods for promoting language learning. Reviewing previous studies, it is found that the success of language learning depends on efficient auditory-motor network connections and the structural characteristics of the dorsal and ventral fiber tracts in the brain; language learning is influenced by genetic, environmental and individual characteristics; methods that promote language learning based on brain plasticity further confirm the causal relationship between the brain and language, providing inspiration for scientific and effective language learning.